First, the status and role of the excavation Excavation and excavation, excavation first, to excavate and collect, to promote mining. Coal mining excavation to the premise, tunneling and mining services in coal mining. Second, the basic concept of the well From the ground to the underground, the excavation works mainly include three parts: the wellbore, the roadway and the diverticulum. 1. Wellbore According to the slope: vertical shaft, inclined shaft, flat raft. According to the function of the function: usually there are main well (exit coal), auxiliary well (material, personnel transportation, etc.), wind well (ventilation), mixed well (exit coal, transportation, etc.) 2, roadway 1), according to the slope: horizontal roadway (flat, Shimen, etc.), inclined roadway (uphill, downhill, etc.); Shimen: refers to the vertical roadway that is vertical (or oblique) to the coal seam. 2), according to coal and rock: rock alley (rock section accounted for 4/5 and above), coal roadway (section of coal seam accounted for 4/5 and above), semi-coal rock roadway 3) According to the category of roadway: open roadway, prepare roadway, mining roadway 4), according to the action points: transport roadway (such as working surface roadway, belt uphill, track uphill, etc.), ventilation roadway (such as working face wind lane, return wind uphill, etc.), drainage roadway (such as drainage road, water tank, etc. ), other roadways, etc. 3, diverticulum The mine mainly has pump rooms, substations, winch houses, explosives storage, charging chambers, signal rooms, waiting rooms, and shelters. 4, section shape There are two main categories: polygonal (such as rectangular, trapezoidal, oblique trapezoidal, etc.) and curved (arched, round, horseshoe, elliptical, etc.). There are many arches, trapezoids, rectangles (oblique rectangles), circles, and other horseshoe, ellipse, and trapezoidal trapezoids. The mines used mainly include arches, trapezoids, and rectangles (oblique rectangles). The order of the various cross-sectional shapes is: Roadway stability, bearing pressure: circular → horseshoe shape, oval → arched → trapezoidal, rectangular; Roadway section utilization: trapezoidal, rectangular → arched → horseshoe → round; Difficulties in construction: Drilling and blasting: trapezoidal, rectangular → arched → horseshoe → round; The arched roadway is mainly divided into a semi-circular arch shape of a straight wall, a three-heart arch shape of a straight wall, a circular arc arch of a straight wall, and the like, and an inverted arch is also provided for a serious roadway of the bottom drum. It is mainly used for long service time of roadway, large pressure of top and bottom floor, preparation of roadway or mining roadway. The trapezoidal roadway is mainly used for mining roadway or preparation roadway where the pressure of the top and bottom plates is not too large, the side pressure is relatively large, and the service time is not too long, and sometimes it is also used for the development of roadways (especially small mines) with little pressure. The rectangular roadway is mainly used for the roadway and the mining roadway where the roadway pressure is not too large, along the coal seam. The circular roadway is mainly used for shafts, diverticulums such as shafts and coal bunkers, as well as open roadways (extremely soft rock roadways) with large pressure and deformation. Third, roadway support 1, support form Single protection: mainly bolt support, shotcrete (shotcrete) support, masonry support, shed support; Joint support: mainly anchor spray support, shed spray support, anchor support; Active support: bolt support, shotcrete (shotcrete) support, anchor spray support Passive support: truss support, shed support, shed spray support; 2. Main advantages and disadvantages of support form Bolt support, shotcrete (sprayed concrete) support, anchor spray support, etc.: can fully exert the role and bearing capacity of the surrounding rock, so that the surrounding rock and the support body form a whole structure, sharing the surrounding rock Pressure and deformation are an active way of support, which is low in cost and easy to achieve parallel cross work, which is conducive to rapid construction. It has a wide range of applications and is a major form of support worth promoting. Bricklaying support, shed support, shed spray support, etc.: It is a passive support method. It mainly relies on the support body to passively withstand the pressure and deformation of surrounding rock, and can not effectively play the surrounding rock itself. Role and carrying capacity. It is also not conducive to rapid construction of the organization, the application conditions are limited, and can not be used as a main support form for promotion, and can only be used in some specific roadways. 3. Composition and construction of various supports 1) Bolt support (1), anchor classification According to the anchoring method of the anchor and the supported rock mass, it is divided into three types: mechanical type, bonded type and friction type. According to the position and length of the anchoring section, it is divided into two types: end anchoring and full-length anchoring. Press rod material into wood bolt, bolt bamboo, metal bolt (reinforced) concrete anchor, bolt, etc. FRP. What is commonly used in mines is the bonded metal full-length anchor bolt. (2), bonded metal anchor Bonded anchors can be mainly divided into cement mortar reinforcement bolts and cement or resin anchor reinforcement anchors. The mine is now using resin anchored steel anchors. The resin anchored steel anchor is composed of a resin capsule, a rod body, a pallet and a nut. The anchor rod body is used to withstand the tension. The role of the pallet is to transform the surrounding rock pressure into the tension of the anchor; the role of the nut is to generate a pre-tightening force to prevent the surrounding rock from loosening. The function of the resin capsule is to bond the rod body well to the surrounding rock. 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Coal miners must know: Basic knowledge of excavation
Basic knowledge of excavation