The cylinder liner is a part of the engine. It has good heat dissipation, uniform cooling and easy processing. Usually, only the inner surface needs to be finished, and the outer surface in contact with water does not need to be processed, and the disassembly and assembly is convenient, but the disadvantage is that the strength and rigidity are not as good. Dry cylinder liners are good, and water leakage is easy to occur. Some leak prevention measures should be taken.
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LED light source is at least 20% more efficient than current energy-saving lamps
You will choose what kind of lamp to illuminate your home, 1.5 yuan incandescent lamp, 15 yuan energy-saving lamp, or 75 yuan LED lamp? In China, the current energy-saving lamps are the mainstream configuration, because the price is moderate, and the energy-saving effect is also good. Although LED lamps are more efficient than energy-saving lamps and contain no mercury, they are less polluting and the price is not enough. But there is no doubt that LED lamps with higher energy efficiency, safer and more environmental protection are the future development direction. IKEA has announced that starting in 2016, all stores worldwide will no longer sell non-LED light sources. The producers of the light source acted earlier, and they were already ready to adjust the production line, just waiting for the market. Industry sample Zhejiang Sunshine Lighting Co., Ltd. is a well-known energy-saving light source manufacturer in the industry. Since 2008, Sunshine Group has been transforming into LED lights. In the first half of this year, the LED lighting business realized revenue of 648 million yuan, accounting for 42% of revenue, and the proportion of lighting products in the LED lighting business exceeded 30. LED lamps are energy efficient and environmentally friendly, which is the future direction. Sun Qing Group project manager Hu Qingshan explained the reasons for the transformation of the company. According to Hu Qingshan, LED light sources are at least 20% more efficient than current energy-saving lamps, and contain no mercury, and the pollution is much smaller. The LED lights 70 produced by Sunshine Group are for export, and only 30 are sold domestically. Why do you want to rely on China's large lighting market? In addition to the initial positioning of the company, it is mainly due to insufficient domestic consumption capacity. Hu Qingshan said. In his view, despite the large domestic consumer market, consumers are not aware of the use of LED lights. Domestic LED lamp consumption is still dominated by public projects and commercial projects, and household consumption is not the mainstream. According to him, the wholesale price of an ordinary 9-watt LED lamp is around 4 US dollars, and the retail price often reaches 12 US dollars to 15 US dollars, equivalent to RMB 890 yuan. Such a lamp is no brighter than a 100-watt incandescent lamp, but the price is dozens of times the latter. In contrast, most consumers in rural areas currently choose incandescent lamps, or energy-saving lamps that are more affordable than LED lamps. Domestically, consumers in Hong Kong, Beishangguangshen and Shenzhen may still be able to afford LED lights, such as suburban and rural areas. Hu Qingshan said. He said that the relative advantages of using LED lights have not been fully recognized. The life of an incandescent lamp is only 800 hours to 1000 hours, the life of an energy-saving lamp is 8,000 hours to 10,000 hours, and the life of an LED lamp can reach 20,000 hours. However, because the government subsidizes energy-saving lamps, there is still no LED lamp, and the consumer market for LED lamps is not mature enough to form a market scale. Therefore, the current price of LED lamps has remained high. The LED lights exported by Sunshine Group basically use chips imported from abroad. The LED lamps sold in China will use the chips developed by themselves. The latter costs lower than the former and the service life is also shorter. The export of LED lights is relatively high in foreign countries, so we all use imported chips. It is not because our own self-developed chip technology can't reach, we can also produce chips with a lifetime of 30,000 hours, but the domestic market has just started, and there is no scale effect, so the cost of producing such chips is relatively high. The foreign LED chip industry has been relatively mature, and the unit cost is relatively low. Hu Qingshan said. However, the LED market has developed rapidly in the country. According to reports, Sunshine Group's sales in the LED field is expected to reach 2 billion yuan this year. China's energy-saving market that is starting China According to the UN's statistics, China is the world's largest lighting production, sales and use country. As a lighting industry, China's high-efficiency lighting products account for more than 80% of global production. China's lighting industry has an important influence and promotion role for the development of global efficient lighting, which is why the first global efficient lighting forum was chosen in China from November 10th to 11th. In recent years, the Chinese government has introduced many supportive policies in promoting the development of green lighting and achieving energy conservation and emission reduction. According to He Bingguang, Director of the Department of Resource Protection and Energy Conservation of the National Development and Reform Commission, China has started implementing green lighting projects since 1996. Since 2008, it has promoted high-efficiency lighting products nationwide through financial subsidies for five consecutive years, for large users and urban and rural areas. Residents who purchase high-efficiency lighting products are subsidized by 30 and 50 respectively. By the end of 2013, China had promoted 780 million high-efficiency lighting products and saved 32 billion yuan annually, contributing to global energy conservation and emission reduction. In 2009, China's National Development and Reform Commission, together with the United Nations Development Program and the Global Environment Facility, jointly launched China's phase-out of incandescent lamps and accelerated the promotion of energy-saving lamps. The overall goal is to achieve a total energy saving of 160 billion to 216 billion kilowatts in the 10 years after the project ends. At the time, carbon dioxide emissions were reduced from 175 million tons to 700 million tons. China is not slow in the direction of efficient lighting. According to Lu Wenbin, deputy director of the Department of Resource Conservation and Environmental Protection of the National Development and Reform Commission, China has done four things to promote efficient lighting, including the elimination of incandescent lamps, the promotion of energy-saving lamps, the development of strategic emerging industries and the enhancement of sustainable development capabilities. According to the roadmap for the elimination of incandescent lamps announced by China, more than 60 watts of incandescent lamps will be phased out from October this year, and the next step will be re-evaluated next year. China has also accelerated the transformation of incandescent companies. After the elimination of incandescent lamps, incandescent companies will generate 15,000 surplus labor. Therefore, while upgrading the enterprise, it is necessary to further train these employees. Through the elimination of incandescent lamps and the promotion of energy-saving lamps, the market share of energy-saving lamps has reached 70 in 2013 from the 70 in 2009. Lu Wenbin said. Semiconductor lighting is a strategic emerging industry. According to the plan, by 2015, the LED lamps used in China's lighting should reach 20% of the market, 50% in the backlight field, and 70% in the display field. The semiconductor lighting industry is developing very fast now. The market share of semiconductors has increased from 100 million in 2009 to 800 million now, so optimistically, this indicator may be realized ahead of schedule. Lu Wenbin said. The proportion of global electricity consumption in action lighting is slightly different in each country. The proportion of China is 14. The UNEP believes that the international average is 15. The International Energy Agency’s data shows that the average level is 19, and the United States has reached 20. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, if low-efficiency grid-connected lighting is eliminated globally with technological innovation and efficient alternatives, it will save more than 1,000 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity per year, equivalent to annual electricity in India and the UK. The sum of the amount, which saves more than $120 billion in electricity costs per year, and reduces 530 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions. If we change all the lights in China to LED lights or equipment tomorrow, the national lighting power will drop by 50. At the same time, the cost will be saved by 50. By replacing, we can save consumers $120 billion. These will reduce the consumption of electricity and reduce the construction of 300 new coal-fired power plants. This is not only important to China, but also to the world. Ka Wei, Executive Director of the Asia-Pacific Regional Office of the United Nations Environment Programme. Kaveh Zahedi said. To this end, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)-Global Environment Facility (GEF) Efficient Lighting Initiative was established in 2009. The UNEP-GEF Global Efficient Lighting Partnership Program has 66 national members. These member states strongly support the goal of the Efficient Lighting Initiative to develop policies to effectively phase out inefficient incandescent lamps by the end of 2016. According to UNEP media liaison officer Laura. According to Laura Fowler, although LED lights currently do not have a uniform standard on a global scale, they already have regional standards. There are many regional organizations in the Asia-Pacific region, such as ASEAN, South Asia Group, and Pacific Group, which promote the unification of standards. China will play an important role in the development of standards in the Asia-Pacific. Laura said. LED lights undoubtedly have broad prospects in today's efficient lighting systems. According to UNEP, the performance of LED technology can be improved by about twice every two years, while the price of LED lamps continues to fall at an average rate of about 20 per year. The world's attention to LED lighting is also obvious: the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded the invention of three inventors of blue LED technology, it is the invention of this technology opened up the commercial application of LED lighting. How should the global future promote the implementation of efficient lighting? Lu Wenbin made three suggestions. First of all, the elimination of incandescent lamps should form a synergy globally. There are more than 11 billion global incandescent bulbs produced each year, and two-thirds of incandescent lamps in China are used for export. Therefore, the elimination of incandescent lamps for efficient lighting requires global efforts. Second, a systematic solution should be provided to drive market transformation. Third, consider the life cycle of lighting products. In the past, we also talked about the life cycle, which means that our products save electricity and money from cost to operating costs. Of course, we are considering from the perspective of future development. We have to consider how to invest less resources, how to deal with them after they are abandoned, and to reflect the green cycle and low carbon. Lu Wenbin said.